<p>Downtown Vermillion Historic District is a historic district in downtown Vermillion, South Dakota, consisting of 34 contributing buildings all constructed between 1880 and 1942. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003 and reflects a period of substantial economic growth in Vermillion, as well as for its representation of late 19th and early 20th century architectural styles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When Vermillion was founded in 1859, it was originally located on the banks of the Missouri River, south of the town&#39;s present-day site. However, after the Great Flood of 1881 destroyed most of the town, the citizens rebuilt atop the bluff to the north, where some buildings had already been established in the decades prior to the flooding; three buildings along West Main Street formed the foundations of the new commercial developments. Businesses along Market and Main Streets competed with one another to be considered the primary commercial road in Vermillion; however, due to city planning issues on Market Street, Main Street eventually won out as the central hub. Following fires in 1890 and 1893, wooden structures on Main and Market Streets had been banned by the city council; as a result, buildings were constructed out of sturdier materials and have survived to the present day.</p><br>
<p>Development was hindered by the Panic of 1893, but by 1897, local business was slowly recovering and new buildings were being constructed by 1899. This resulted in a boom of new growth; many downtown buildings are from this first decade of the 20th century. Today, these buildings mainly host stores and restaurants, as well as movie theaters, meeting halls, and a library.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Downtown Vermillion Historic District reflects a blend of architectural styles. Earlier buildings typically reflect Classical Revival, and those built after the beginning of the 20th century often used Early Commercial style. They were constructed primarily out of red or orange bricks made from clay harvested from the Missouri River Valley. Between 1881 and 1907, Bower&#39;s Brick Yard in Vermillion provided most of the bricks used in the earlier structures. Sioux Quartzite quarried nearby was also used extensively, typically left unpolished to create a rough outer façade. Regionally-notable architects Wallace L. Dow and Joseph Schwartz contributed to the building of two district properties previously listed with the NRHP.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>All 34 contributing buildings to the district were constructed between 1880 and 1942, marking a period of commercial development in the city. Thirty-three buildings were included in the original nomination, and 100 East Main Street was added later, after renovations restored it to its historical appearance.</p><br>
<p>1 West Main Street: Constructed in 1900 out of Sioux Quartzite and brick, this two-story commercial building sits at the northwest corner of Main and Center Streets. Its southern façade features rough quartzite decorations and columns. Its second story features arched windows; on the southern elevation, these windows have rough quartzite lintels and sills, with small columns between each one. Those on the eastern face lack the lintels and columns.</p><br>
<p>2, 4, and 6 West Main Street: This building was constructed with three storefronts and was completed in 1885. Between each shop entry is a shared entryway leading to the second floor. The corner of each bay is decorated with brick a pilaster. The second-story windows are decorated with quartzite sills and lintels. The building is topped by a brickwork parapet.</p><br>
<p>3 West Main Street: This two-story brick building, constructed in 1900, has a striking bicolor red-and-white front façade. Its original central entry has been replaced with a large display windows, and the door has been repositioned to the southeast corner. Its three second-floor double-hung windows have white stone sills and white metal hoods. The intricate bracketed cornice at the roof is crafted out of pressed sheet metal. A rear addition was built in 1920.</p><br>
<p>9 West Main Street: A simple one-story brick building constructed in 1900, it has a central entry for a shop. Its front display windows were replaced in the 1960s. It has a flat roof, the parapet of which is made of limestone.</p><br>
<p>10 West Main Street: Constructed in 1914, this is a two-story Commercial-style brick building featuring decorative brickwork and large plate glass windows, which were replaced in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>12 West Main Street: Bordered on its west face by an alley, this two-story brick building was constructed in 1901. Its entrance is bordered by an arched brickwork lintels.</p><br>
<p>13 West Main Street: This block of buildings anchored the development of Main Street after the Great Flood of 1881, as they already existed at the time. Constructed in 1880 with an addition in 1900, this building is two stories and features a recessed central entryway bordered by large display windows. Two oriel windows with metal cornices sit on the second story of its southern façade.</p><br>
<p>14, 16, and 18 West Main Street: This 1915 building contains three storefronts. It was crafted in the Commercial style and although it is made primarily of brick, it has some quartzite decorations. Its front ground floor display windows are made out of historic plate glass, and are some of the only original such windows in the historic district. There is a central door between 16 and 18 West Main, which provides access to the second floor.</p><br>
<p>15 West Main Street: Constructed in 1880, this is a very simple one-story red brick building with a central entrance and windows on either side.</p><br>
<p>17 and 19 West Main Street: Very similar in construction to 15 West Main Street and constructed at the same time, although it provides entrances for two shops and was constructed out of orange brick.</p><br>
<p>20 and 22 West Main Street: Constructed around 1914 as an addition to 24 West Main, this building provides two storefronts. It represents the Commercial style and is two stories, crafted of brick which decorative quartzite and brickwork. The parapet features a pressed metal cornice in a leaf pattern.</p><br>
<p>23 and 25 West Main Street: Although both properties were constructed at separate times (1910 and 1906, respectively) and are treated as independent properties by the NRHP, they are listed together here due to their second floors being contiguous and giving the illusion of a single construction. However, the first-floor façades of each property are made out of different brick, and 25 West Main features a marble kick plate that wraps around the corner of the building. 25 West Main sits at the northeast corner of Main and Prospect Streets, with 23 West Main sharing a wall to its east. Each shop has its own entrance on its front south-facing façade. A central door between them leads to a shared staircase, which provides access to the second floors. A green hipped-roof awning was constructed above the front entrances in 2000. Seven double-hung windows sit on the second floor, adorned with rough-hewn limestone sills and parapets, and divided into separate bays by detailed pilasters that extend to the flat roof. An intricately-detailed parapet sits atop the building. 25 West Main&#39;s western elevation (running along Prospect Street) features multiple shop windows, all with the same rough limestone sills, and another shop entrance.</p><br>
<p>24 West Main Street: Constructed in 1910 with a rear addition in 1942, this red brick Commercial building features decorative quartzite bands around its front façade and windows.</p><br>
<p>First National Bank Building of Vermillion, 1 East Main Street: This property was separately listed in 1986 but is contained within the boundaries of this historic district. It was first constructed in 1893, with major renovations taking place in 1929.</p><br>
<p>2 East Main Street: Built in 1920 and situated at the northeast corner of Main and Center Streets, this large two-story brick building has been largely altered from its original appearance. A large stucco mural adorns its western face, from which all first-story windows have been removed. Large arched windows with metal linels and sills and a wide metal cornice span the open sides of the building.</p><br>
<p>5 East Main Street: Like its neighbor, 5 East Main, it was constructed in 1900 out of red brick.</p><br>
<p>6 East Main Street: Like many buildings in the district, this building&#39;s front façade was remodeled in the 1960s. Originally constructed around 1910 out of red brick, its original central entrance has been moved to the southeast corner and replaced with a large plate display window. Its second story features three arched windows with decorative recessed brick lintels. Its ornate parapet is decorated with a brick bracketed cornice.</p><br>
<p>7 East Main Street: Constructed in 1900, this is a two-story red brick building. Its windows and parapet have white decorative stone accents.</p><br>
<p>Oddfellow Hall; 14, 16, and 18 East Main Street: Constructed in 1900, this two-story flat-roofed brick building was once the headquarters of the town&#39;s Odd Fellows chapter dating back to 1911. A stone sign is still visible on the front of the building declaring its origins. The first story of its front has been significantly altered. The original building had three storefronts, but today there are only two. The entryways are recessed and bordered by large plate glass display windows. The large arched windows on the second story have been filled with wood paneling and smaller, square windows.</p><br>
<p>Muenster Building, 100 East Main Street: This one-story Early Commercial-style building was added to the historic district at a later date, after the false façade added in the 1950s had been removed and exposed the original entrance.</p><br>
<p>First Baptist Church of Vermillion, 101 East Main Street: Independently listed in 1982.</p><br>
<p>102 East Main Street: Constructed out of red brick in 1906 in the Early Commercial style, 102 East Main is a one-story shop at the northeast corner of Main and Elm Streets. Its brickwork and style are identical to the other contributing buildings on the north side of this block: 104-108 Main Street. Its entrance was largely remodeled in the 1960s and now features large display windows and its main door at the southeast corner.</p><br>
<p>104 East Main Street: This two-story building was constructed in 1929.</p><br>
<p>106 and 108 East Main Street: This building contains two storefronts and was constructed in 1906. Its central entryway was removed in the 1960s and replaced with two separate entryways with large plate glass windows.</p><br>
<p>113 and 115 East Main Street: This is a one-story Commercial-style brick building featuring two storefronts.</p><br>
<p>117 East Main Street: Constructed in 1910, this is a one-story Commercial-style brick building with one storefront. It is very simple in design.</p><br>
<p>119 and 121 East Main Street: One of the newer contributing buildings in the historic district, this property was built in 1930 out of brown brick and contains two storefronts. It is a very simple one-story building with little decoration, except for some decorative brickwork on the parapet and window lintels.</p><br>
<p>15 Court Street: Situated on the corner of Court and Kidder Streets, this red brick building was initially built in 1890 for a lumber company, as evidenced by two loading bay doors and its large factory windows. Although most windows have arched openings, all have been infilled with rectangular glass blocks. Pilasters adorn the corners of the building and provide each face into bays.</p><br>
<p>7 Center Street: This small, one-story building has a front façade made out of orange brick and decorative red quoins and was constructed in 1922.</p><br>
<p>12 Center Street: This two-story building, constructed in 1900 out of orange brick, features a decorated parapet atop its flat roof.</p><br>
<p>Waldorf Livery, 26 and 28 Center Street: Located across from City Hall, this wide, two-story building was created in 1902 as the livery stables for the City of Vermillion. Its shallow gambrel roof sets it apart from other buildings in the district, most of which have flat or gable roofs. Today, it has three doors in its front façade. The second floor of this face contains two circular windows on each end, two double-hung windows, and in the center a band of three double-hung windows. On the building&#39;s north face are the remains of eight arched windows, many of which are now boarded up.</p><br>
<p>Carnegie Library, 12 Church Street: Independently listed in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Church San José of Gurabo  is a historic Catholic parish church located in Gurabo Pueblo  in the municipality of Gurabo, Puerto Rico. The parish church is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Caguas.</p><br>
<p>The current church structure dates to 1821, and it was erected 6 years after the official founding of the municipality of Gurabo. The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 18, 1984, and to the Puerto Rico Register of Historic Sites and Zones in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Lone Star School, District 64 is a one-room schoolhouse in Rush County, Kansas, United States, near Bison, Kansas which was built in 1879. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Builders included stonemason Henry Mertz and carpenter Henry Rogers. From 1879 until 1890 it served as a Methodist Episcopal Church on weekends, and a school on weekdays. It continued to serve as a school until 1947.</p><br>
<p>A shed and an outhouse are contributing structures.</p><br>
<p>The Kansas State Historical Society describes its importance "for its associations with early public education in Kansas and for its architectural significance as a good example of an early vernacular one-room schoolhouse."</p><br>
<p>It is located in a rural area on Avenue M, 1.25 mi west of Bison.</p><br>
<p>The Winona Consolidated School, in Winona, Kansas at the corner of Wilson and 5th Streets, was built in 1926. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant "on a state and local level... as the public school in Winona, an important component in the development and survival of the small rural community in western Kansas. The school is also significant... as a representative of a Progressive Era educational structure. Although eclectic in design, reflecting a variety of Late 19th and 20th Century Revival stylistic influences, the Winona School embodies key characteristics emerging from the Progressive Era - building safety and standardization of curriculum. The school is a concrete and brick fire-proof structure, designed with safety in mind. The school had a separate auditorium and gymnasium, as well as classrooms designed for specific uses including domestic science, vocational agriculture, manual training, and art. The Winona School is also significant as an example of the work of Hutchinson architects Routledge and Hertz. Harry R. Routledge and Henry Potter Hertz partnered for only a short time, from 1925 - 1932; yet during that period, they were responsible for the design of no less than six county courthouses and numerous public schools in Kansas. Built to serve all grades, the Winona Consolidated School is representative of the Town Graded School property type and meets the registration requirements set forth in the multiple property documentation form."</p><br>
<p>The Juana Rodríguez Morales House, in Cayey, Puerto Rico, at 7 Nuñez Romeu St., is a Spanish Creole-style townhouse built c.1850. It faces the plaza in the center of town. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>It has also been known as the Espadi-Cervoni House.</p><br>
<p>It was home of a wealthy family and is a good example of local vernacular style that is depicted in period paintings.</p><br>
<p>It is built of timber-frame construction, with mortise-and-tenon joints.</p><br>
<p>The Church of St. Thomas is a former Roman Catholic church complex in Jessenland Township, Minnesota, United States. It consists of an 1870 church, 1878 rectory, and a hillside cemetery whose oldest tombstone is dated 1856. Together they are remnants of the very first agricultural settlement established by Irish Americans in Minnesota, founded here along the Minnesota River in 1852. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 for its local significance in the theme of European ethnic heritage. It was nominated for its association with Minnesota&#39;s first Irish-American farming settlement and one of the first agricultural communities in Sibley County. In 2023, the Diocese of New Ulm closed the oratory and sold the building to a non-profit organization named Friends of Jessenland. Their mission is to create an Irish cultural center. The cemetery remains in perpetual care of the Diocese.</p><br>
<p>The Hackberry Creek Bridge, in Hodgeman County, Kansas near Jetmore, Kansas, was built in 1930. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>It is a single-span open spandrel deck arch bridge, about 93 ft long with a 20 ft wide roadway, with the roadway about 25.75 ft above normal water level.</p><br>
<p>It has two concrete arch rings.</p><br>
<p>It is located 13 miles west and 11 miles north of Jetmore.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register as part of a study of masonry arch bridges in Kansas.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was in "excellent condition" in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Wakonda State Bank, later the Wakonda Public Library, is a historic bank building at 118 Ohio Street in Wakonda, South Dakota. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003 due to being a rare surviving local example of early 20th-century architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The community of Wakonda, which was established in 1884, began to grow during the last decades of the 19th century as the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad planned to establish a station in the town. After the beginning of the 20th century, multiple buildings in the small community were lost in fires. Following a 1906 fire that destroyed the wooden building formerly located at 118 Ohio Street, construction on a new brick building began at that address. This building, completed in 1913, served as the town&#39;s bank. Due to its construction material, it survived a 1917 fire. At the advent of the Great Depression, the Wakonda State Bank struggled, kept afloat only by local investors. Despite their efforts, the Bank of Wakonda went into receivership and closed in 1931. Following this, the investors opened a new bank, the Security State Bank, in the building shortly thereafter. It operated under multiple different names until 1961, at which point the building was converted into the Wakonda Public Library. By 2006, however, the library had closed and the building last housed a private business. On August 15, 2003, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as one of the "few remaining historic buildings in the commercial core".</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Wakonda State Bank is a rare example of Early Commercial architecture with some Colonial Revival details; very few historic buildings are left standing in Wakonda. Constructed out of locally sourced brick and limestone on a stone foundation, it has not been heavily altered from its original appearance. The northeastern-facing front façade contains limestone blocks around the base. Brickwork and limestone pilasters divide the front into four bays—one at each corner and two in the middle—and extend past the height of the building. The flat roof is surrounded by a decorative parapet. Located at the northwestern corner of the front, the main entrance is bordered on both sides by limestone Doric columns that support an entablature and pediment. The interior ceiling is made of pressed tin and contains a skylight. At the back exterior wall of the building is a small brick chimney. The basement contains a small vault room.</p><br>
<p>Wakonda Variety is a historic commercial building at 125 Ohio Street on Wakonda, South Dakota. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 as Building at 125 Ohio St. Its nomination form cited the Wakonda Variety building as a "well-preserved example of the Commercial style in a rural town setting where very few historic buildings are left."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The community of Wakonda began growing after a railroad was built through the area. A 1906 fire destroyed multiple wooden buildings in the commercial area. The Wakonda Variety building lot was first purchased by Wallace Wright in January 1907 from a local real estate company, and the building is believed to have been built later that year. Because it was constructed out of brick, the building survived a 1917 fire that destroyed most of the surrounding commercial structures (the nearby Wakonda State Bank also survived this event). Since its construction, the building has variably been a meat market, a drug store, a variety store, a newspaper office, and a casket storage space. By the late 1930s and through the 1940s, it was a pharmacy run by Neil Chancellor and later by Glen and Mae Sample. In 1968, it was sold to Wilfred and Ann Doty, who turned it into the Wakonda Variety store, by which name it is now best known. This store closed in 1980, at which point the Steffen family briefly took over the variety store business. After the final variety store closed, the building became vacant and has since been used as a private storage space. On February 14, 2002, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Wakonda Variety building is a rare example of surviving early 20th architecture in Wakonda. Built in the Early Commercial style, it is constructed mostly out of brick and sits atop a concrete foundation. It contains a recessed central entryway with two large plate glass display windows on either side. An exposed metal beam divides the first and second floors and still bears the text "Wakonda Variety". At each corner is a brick pilaster, which rises to and joins the corbelled parapet adorning the flat asphalt roof. The second floor contains double-hung arched windows with stone sills and decorative brickwork hoods. The building sharing its southeast wall, 127 Ohio Street, has a nearly identical façade but is not NRHP-listed due to having undergone heavy alterations.</p><br>
<p>The Hoff School District No. 42, near Kirwin, Kansas in Phillips County, Kansas, is a one-room schoolhouse built in 1899. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<p>It is a wood-frame structure that was built to serve what was then rural Kirwin Township, one of 25 townships within the county, at approximately the peak of population in the county (14,442 in 1900; 4,981 in 2020).</p><br>
<p>It was built by carpenter Fred M. Agard with assistance of a Mr. Freeman.</p><br>
<p>It is located near the intersection of E. Union Rd. and E. 1300 Rd., which is 4.8 mi by road from what is now the small city of Kirwin, Kansas, and 15.7 mi from Phillipsburg, the county seat.</p><br>
<p>Its listing is consistent with historic integrity standards for one-room schoolhouses in Kansas that were established in a 2005 study.</p><br>
<p>The Rushville Historic District is a historic district in Richland Township, Fairfield County Ohio which bounds the original village of Rushville. The district is considered both historically and architecturally significant due to the preservation of many houses and commercial buildings representing a period from the 1820s to the early 1900s. It features examples of log construction, Gothic Revival, Federal, Italianate, and Queen Anne style architecture.</p><br>
<p>Founded by Joseph Turner in 1808, Rushville is one of the earliest settlements in Fairfield County and stands south of the original Zanes Trace road constructed by Colonel Ebenezer Zane in 1797. Zanes Trace ran from Wheeling, WV to Maysville, KY and was the first road into Ohio and lead to the establishment of the first towns in the interior of the state. Because of its location near this route Rushville became a successful commercial area which featured several inns, taverns, and merchant shops. Rushville was also a stop on the Underground Railroad in the years preceding the Civil War. Several prominent abolitionists lived in the village including the Rev. William Hanby and his son, composer Benjamin Hanby.</p><br>
<p>Today Rushville is bypassed by modern USA Route 22 which seems to have left the village largely untouched by change since the mid-20th century. The District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The district includes 87 contributing buildings in a 33 acre area.</p><br>
<p>The Quadrangle  is the heart and main quadrangle of the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras. Together with the Roosevelt Tower , it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the Puerto Rico Register of Historic Sites and Zones as the University of Puerto Rico Tower and The Quadrangle, for its unique history which represents the union between Puerto Rican architecture with the Jeffersonian Neoclassical style often seen in American universities. It is famous for its lines of Puerto Rican royal palm  or palma real and the architecture of its surrounding buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Quadrangle was designed by Puerto Rican architect Rafael Carmoega. The University of Puerto Rico Theater was first built on its eastern edge in 1939.</p><br>
<p>The Quadrangle is the largest courtyard space in the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras campus. It is surrounding by buildings currently used by the University of Puerto Rico Administration and the College of Humanities. Its two most notable landmarks are the University Tower located on the western edge of the quad, and the University of Puerto Rico Theater, also known as the Roosevelt Theater, on its eastern edge. These buildings have an architectural style combining Spanish Revival styles such as Andalusian/Spanish Gothic and Baroque Revival. There is also a Banco Popular branch office and additional auditoriums.</p><br>
<p>The Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Michigan is a Prince Hall Freemason lodge located at 3500 McDougall Street in Detroit, Michigan. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building that now houses the Prince Hall Grand Lodge was commissioned 1920 for the Order of the Amaranth of Wayne County. The Order hired Detroit architect Bernard C. Wetzel to design the building; construction was completed in 1924. As originally built, the building had a three-story temple facing McDougall and aa attached two-story commercial structure facing Gratiot. The commercial portion of the building was demolished in 1930 when Gratiot was widened; it was replaced in 1931 with the current three-story commercial building, which incorporates many of the design elements of the earlier structure. The Order of the Amaranth used the building until 1949, when they merged with a similar organization in Port Huron.</p><br>
<p>In 1951, the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Michigan purchased the building for $205,000. The Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Michigan was organized in 1865, and by 1872 there were 14 Prince Hall lodges operating in Michigan, three of which were in Detroit. Bu 1925, this had increased to 23 lodges, five of which were in Detroit. The Grand Lodge of Michigan appears to have met at 535 Frederick Street during this time; in 1943 the Prince Hall Masons of Detroit purchased a building at 275 East Ferry Street, in what is now the East Ferry Avenue Historic District, to use as a meeting hall. The move to the Gratiot Avenue building, though, reflected the sophistication of black freemasonry at the time. The Prince Hall Grand Lodge has remained in the building into the 21st century.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Prince Hall Grand Lodge is a rectangular three-story Neoclassical buff-colored brick building. The facade faces McDougall Street, and abuts against a three-story store and office building addition that follows the diagonal of Gratiot Avenue. The building sits on a smooth coursed ashlar basement, which is partially raised and contains a fourth basement story. The building is topped with a low-pitched flat deck hip roof clad in tin. The facade&#39;s first story contains a central recessed entrance containing three sets of double doors. Flanking the central entrance are two bays on each side. On the second floor are five arch-topped windows.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the structure contains a large assembly hall with stage and balcony, an attached kitchen, two lodge rooms, additional club rooms and offices, and a basement containing a bowling alley.</p><br>
<p>The Black Rock on Great Salt Lake near Lake Point, Utah is a historic landmark. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2021 as part of the Black Rock Site. The site includes Black Rock and foundation ruins of the former Black Rock Resort.</p><br>
<p>The site was the location, in 1847, of "the first recreational bathing in the Great Salt Lake in recorded history."</p><br>
<p>The ill-fated Donner Party, taking the Hastings Cutoff alternative route to California, came by in 1846. Journal entries and interviews describe the Donner Party meeting the "Hastings Trail" on the south side of the Great Salt Lake in August 1846. In later interviews Donner Party member, Reed, was quoted multiple times saying that they had met Lansford Hastings near the landmark (on the eastern border of Lake Point) known as Black Rock and that they were the ones who had given the rock its name.</p><br>
<p>The rock was described in 1870 by travel guide writer Fitz Ludlow as grim and ugly, yet part of a charming scene:"A fifteen minute ride, and Black Rock rose grim and ugly, like the foundation of some ruined tower...we had expected a grim and desolate landscape; a sullen waste of brine, stagnating along low ready shores, black as Acheron, gloomy as the sepulcher of Sodom. Never had Nature a greater surprise for us. The view is one of the most charming which could be imagined." (Ludlow 1870:385)</p><br>
<p>It has been depicted in landscape paintings and lithographs of many artists including Alfred Lambourne, George M. Ottinger, Waldo Midgley, James Taylor Harwood, and Albert Tissandier.</p><br>
<p>The Black Rock itself measures approximately 39 ft tall upon an approximate 130x60 ft base. Over the years, it has been an isolated rock out in the lake, or upon a peninsula into the lake.</p><br>
<p>While the Black Rock is entirely in Tooele County, the entire site listed is an area about 300x800 ft and spans into Salt Lake County.</p><br>
<p>The Lauderdale High School in Ripley, Tennessee, was a high school serving African Americans around 1950 to 1969 under "separate but equal" doctrine of segregation in the United States. It was built around a 1912 core which was the Lauderdale County Training School. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.</p><br>
<p>Tennessee states:</p><br>
<p>Located in Ripley, the county seat of Lauderdale County, the Lauderdale High School is an important example of how African Americans utilized schools as multi-purpose community buildings. While the education of African American youth during Jim Crow may have been the primary focus of the school building, Lauderdale High School was the focus for many civic and social activities. The core of the school building was built in 1912 as the Lauderdale County Training School, but around 1950 the school was expanded to its current size and appearance as part of the "separate but equal" doctrines of that time. It was not until after the USA Department of Health, Education, and Welfare mentioned cutting off funds for counties failing to meet desegregation guidelines, that the Lauderdale High School closed in 1969.</p><br>
<p>Its National Register of Historic Places nomination states it is an: irregularly shaped, rambling building remnants of a 1912 two-story rectangular building with ca. 1950 additions on the north, east, south, and partial west sides. The building has a flat roof, brick veneer exterior, and a cast concrete foundation. The ca. 1950 additions give the building an International Style aesthetic, common for midcentury school buildings. Though vacant, the building is representative of midcentury public-school architecture and is consistent with other historic African American schools that have changed to accommodate new uses for their communities.</p><br>
<p>The Walnut Park Historic District is a historic district encompassing a cluster of multifamily brick buildings in the Roxbury neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. Roughly centered on the junction of Walnut Park and Waldren Road, the area was developed in the early 20th century during a major Jewish migration, and includes a fine sample of Colonial Revival architecture. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2022.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Walnut Park is a residential street located in southern Roxbury, extending roughly northwest–southeast between Washington Street and Walnut Street a short way north of Franklin Park. Near the center of the roadway&#39;s length is a narrow central oval park, with Waldren Road extending northeasterly at its eastern end. There are several clusters of brick apartment houses near this junction. On the northeast side of Walnut Park stand three similarly styled apartment houses, designed by Saul Moffie and built between 1925 and 1928. Waldren Road and Wardman Road (which parallels it) are lined with a second set of apartment houses, built in 1912 to neoclassical designs by Frederick Norcross, a prominent local architect who designed many similar blocks in the Boston urban area. Norcross is also believed to be responsible for the designs of two nearby wood-frame residences.</p><br>
<p>The Walnut Park area was partly country estates in the 19th century. In 1910, Simon Hurwitz purchased the former estate of Charles Clapp, which was on the northeast side of Walnut Park, and oversaw the subdivision of the estate and construction of apartments on Waldren and Wardman Roads. This rapid growth was spurred by the arrival of an elevated railway at nearby Egleston Square in 1906. In the 1920s, developer Barnard Swartz acquired the property of William Whiting, on which he built three apartment blocks.</p><br>
<p>The Southborough Center Historic District encompasses a historically significant portion of the town center of Southborough, Massachusetts. It extends from the Fay School grounds in the west, along Main Street to the railroad crossing east of Lanisquama Road. The area has been the town center since its founding in 1727, and now houses a diversity of 19th and early 20th-century architecture. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Southborough was incorporated in 1727, mostly from a portion of Marlborough. The junction of Main Street (Massachusetts Route 30) with Marlboro Road and Cordaville Road (both marked Massachusetts Route 85) has been its center of civic functions since. The surviving town common and burying ground date to this time, and its 18th-century stone-walled animal pound is also nearby. The town&#39;s first meeting house was built here, but has since been replaced by 19th-century churches and the 1870 Italianate town house, designed by Alexander Rice Esty, a regionally prominent architect.</p><br>
<p>The town was initially agrarian in nature, with small industries located along some of its waterways. Main Street was part of a major stagecoach route between Boston and Worcester, spurring economic activity in the town center. The railroad line arrived in 1850 and spurred additional development, including the establishment of two private schools (St. Marks School and Fay School) on campuses just outside the historic district. Most of the town centers civic and religious date to the late 19th century. Notable architect-designed buildings include the town house and Episcopal church, both designed by Framingham architect Alexander Rice Esty. The town&#39;s first purpose-built firehouse was constructed on Main Street in 1927 to a design by Charles Barker.</p><br>
<p>The Rendezvous Point Burying Ground is a historic cemetery off Ferry Road in Saco, Maine. Probably established in 17th century, it is possibly the oldest surviving colonial cemetery in the state of Maine. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Rendezvous Point Burying Ground is a small, 0.25 acre cemetery, located in a rural-residential area of southeastern Saco. It is set between Ferry Road and the Saco River on a high point of land which, if less wooded, would provide views of a large bend in the river. It is accessed via a long unpaved road leading south from Ferry Road. It is a basically rectangular plot of land, with no discernible organization to the layout of the graves. Most of the marked gravestones are oriented with the engravings facing west; there are a number of unmarked stone markers, and the site probably has unmarked graves as well. The earliest marked grave is dated 1721.</p><br>
<p>The area that is now Saco was first settled by English colonists in 1631 by Thomas Lewis and Richard Bonython. A small settlement flourished along both banks of the Saco River near its mouth, until a series of wars with local Native Americans between 1675 and 1713 resulted in its abandonment. The settlers returned later in the 1710s, and had by 1718 reestablished a local government. Rendezvous Point, so named because the settlers believed it to be a Native meeting place, was apparently selected as a community burying ground by the early 18th century. It is known that the point was the site of a fortified garrison house (no longer surviving) in 1690. The point was owned by James Gibbons in the early 18th century; he had married Judith Lewis, daughter of Thomas Lewis, and had inherited Lewis land grant. The burying ground remained with Gibbons descendants until 1828, when it was deeded to the city.</p><br>
<p>The Sterling Block-Bishop Arcade is a historic commercial building at 993-1005 Main Street in downtown Bridgeport, Connecticut. Built in 1841 and expanded several times in the 19th century, it is one of the oldest of the city&#39;s commercial buildings. It was also the first indoor shopping mall in the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Sterling Block-Bishop Arcade is located in Bridgeport&#39;s downtown commercial area, on the west side of Main Street midway between Cannon and John Streets. It is a four-story masonry building, fifteen bays wide. The exterior retains only minimal elements of its original 19th-century styling, while its principal interior feature, the glass-roofed two-story arcade, retains original iron columns, arches, and scrollwork.</p><br>
<p>The northerly portion of the building is its oldest section, dating to 1841. It was built as part of the Sterling Hotel, which opened in a wood-frame structure in 1835, when the area was still mainly residential. That buildings site is now occupied by this buildings southern six bays. In 1850, the hotel demolished the wood-frame structure and built an addition to the 1841 structure. In 1889 William D. Bishop, a prominent local businessman, oversaw a second expansion of the building and construction of the arcade, which was designed as a connector between Main Street and the city&#39;s post office. The arcade rapidly became a high-profile shopping location.</p><br>
<p>The Perry Hodgden House, at 104 W. Main St. in Ellsworth, Kansas, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The original portion of the house, built in 1877, is a stone building about 30x20 ft in plan. It was one of the first stone houses in Ellsworth County, Kansas. An addition in the 1880s added about 30x35 ft.</p><br>
<p>Perry Hodgden arrived in Ellsworth in 1867 and helped build the community. He operated a dry-goods store, served as postmaster for a period, and was treasurer of the Ellsworth Town Company. Aside from that, he operated or invested in a livery stable, was active in the city council, and organized the County Agricultural Society. In 1871, he bought the lot and in subsequent years bought more lots adjacent. After frame buildings were destroyed in Ellsworth in the 1874 and 1876 fires, he proceeded with stone construction.</p><br>
<p>The house was deemed "of local historic importance to the Ellsworth community because of the contributions of Perry Hodgden to the growth and development of the community."</p><br>
<p>The house is now part of a museum of the Ellsworth County Historical Society, named the Hodgden House Museum Complex, which also includes displays in a large historic stone stable. The society also operates the Fort Harker Guardhouse Museum Complex in Kanopolis, Kansas.</p><br>
<p>Brookline Baptist Church is a historic former church building at 632 Grassy brook Road in Brookline, Vermont. It was built in 1836 for a congregation established in 1785, and served the congregation regularly until 1945. It is now used as a community function space. It is a locally distinctive example of vernacular Gothic Revival architecture, and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Brookline Baptist Church building is centrally located in the town of Brookline, on the east side of Grassy Brook Road, the town&#39;s principal thoroughfare. It is a 1-1/2 story brick building, with a wood-frame rear addition of slightly lower height. The main facade faces the street, and is three bays wide, with each bay articulated by a recessed Gothic arch panel. The outer bays have entrances on the first floor and windows on the second, while the center bay has windows at each of those levels, and in the gable. A two-stage square tower, framed in wood and finished in wooden clapboards, rises to pinnacles at the corners.</p><br>
<p>Brookline&#39;s first organized church congregation were Baptists, who established a formal organization in 1785. Early services were held in a barn, and it was not until 1836 that the congregation began to discuss the possibility of building a union church in conjunction with other local church groups. For unknown reasons, the Baptists opted to build their own church, and this building was the result. The rear addition, serving as a vestry, was added in 1895. Regular services were held until 1945, at which time the building was sold to the Brookline Ladies Benevolent Society. Since then, the building has been used for occasional summer services, weddings, community meetings, and town meetings.</p><br>
<p>The E.J. Bullock Block is a historic commercial building at 7012 Main Street in Readsboro, Vermont. Built in 1891, it is a prominent local example of Second Empire architecture, with a long history of commercial, social, and civic uses. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The E.J. Bullock Block is a three-story wood-frame building, located on the south side of Main Street (Vermont Route 100), on the western side of the village of Readsboro. Its distinctive Second Empire features include a pyramidal tower extending above the front central bay, and a dormered mansard roof. The main floor of the front facade has storefronts on either side of a recessed center entrance, all framed by paneled woodwork which is also probably original. The storefronts each have a recessed entry flanked by large four-pane fixed windows. The ground floor houses spaces originally used for retail commercial purposes, the second floor housed offices, and the third floor had an open plan used for social gatherings.</p><br>
<p>The block was built in 1891 by Elmer J. Bullock, operator of a local general store, during a period of economic growth in the small community which was spurred by the opening of a paper mill and the subsequent arrival of a railroad line. It was built after an arsonist destroyed his existing shop along with several adjacent buildings. At first known locally as the Music Hall, Bullock promoted use of the third floor as a performance space, drawing regional and national artists to the venue. The block continued to play an important role in the community after Bullock was bankrupted in the early 20th century, hosting all manner of community gatherings. In 1908 the hall was leased by the local Masonic chapter, a role it served until about 1968.</p><br>
<p>The Rupert Village Historic District encompasses the 19th-century village center of Rupert, Vermont. Extending along Vermont Route 153 and adjacent roads, the village preserves a 19th-century landscape and a variety of structures important in the life and economy of the period. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2022.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Rupert is a small rural community in southwestern Vermont which has had a generally agrarian economy since it was settled in the 1770s. Its village centered developed in the southwestern part of the town, near the confluence of the Indian River and Mill Brook. The village&#39;s oldest surviving building, the Congregational church, was built there in 1786, and it was for many years its center of civic affairs. The town grew rapidly in the years after American independence, reaching a peak population of 1600 in 1820. The village remained a focal point of the community, particularly after the arrival of the railroad in 1852.</p><br>
<p>The historic district extends mainly along Route 153 for about 0.5 mi, extending north from the railroad in the south to Youlin Road and Rupert Mountain Road in the north. In addition to 74 historically significant structures, the district includes surrounding open land that historically formed an important part of the villages rural character. Most of the buildings in the district are wood-frame structures built in vernacular forms of architectural styles popular in the 19th century. The most architecturally elaborate building is the Methodist church, a Gothic structure built in 1884 with funding from J.H. Guild, the villages wealthiest resident and owner of a small patent medicine factory.</p><br>
<p>The Perley Block is a historic commercial building at 366 Main Street in the Enosburg Falls village of Enosburgh, Vermont. Built in 1908 in the Renaissance Revival style, its ground-floor facade was given a Modernist update c. 1960. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021 for its architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Perley Block stands in the village center of Enosburg Falls, on the east side of Main Street (Vermont Route 180N) north of the village square. It is a -story masonry structure, with a steel frame and exterior principally finished in brick. Its main facade exhibits the original Renaissance Revival styling of the building on its second story, with groups of sash windows set between banded pilasters and topped by rounded blind arches. The ground floor has a distinctly Modernist appearance, with banded aluminum siding framing groups of aluminum-framed glass display windows. There are two recessed entries to the commercial spaces.</p><br>
<p>The Perley Block was built in 1908 for Moses Perley, owner of a local mercantile shop whose premises had been destroyed by fire. It was designed by Burlington architect Charles Crandall, and opened in early 1909, housing Perleys shop, a drugstore, and a mens clothing store. The upper floor of the building housed apartments, offices, and a small performance and meeting space. In 1955, the building was purchased by Pearls Department Stores, a regional chain which eventually took over the entire ground floor and gave the building its Modernist appearance. Their store was an anchor of the villages retail business until its closure in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Luce Farm is a historic farm property at 170 Luce Drive in Stockbridge, Vermont. The farm was established in the late 18th century, and is a well-preserved example of a rural agriculturally diversified farm property. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Luce Farm is located in a rural area of northern Stockbridge, with the farmstead on the south side of Music Mountain Road in a high valley northeast of the Stockbridge village center. The property consists of 207 acre, with a combination of open fields and wood lots, including an 84 acre sugar bush. The farmstead is located atop a low rise, and includes the farmhouse and numerous agricultural outbuildings. The farmhouse&#39;s oldest section, one of its ells, dates to about 1790; the main block was added about 1839. Many of the outbuildings are 19th century in origin, including a corn crib, horse barn, dairy barn, and hops barn.</p><br>
<p>The area that is now the Luce farm was probably first settled about 1789 by Lot Whitcomb, who may have built the farmhouse ell. In the 19th century the property was owned by two generations of the locally prominent Twitchell family, who practiced diversified agriculture, producing hay, maple syrup and maple sugar, cheese, and a variety of produce. They eventually changed to raising sheep and growing hops. In the early 20th century, the property was occupied by Maurice Luce, and it remained in that family until 1995. It was sold to preservationists, who restored many of the buildings, and who maintain the property as a working farm.</p><br>
<p>The Insurance Building in Ellsworth, Kansas, at 115 N. Douglas Ave., also known as the Wellington Insurance Building, is a two-story, Victorian-style brick commercial building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant "for its historical association with the growth and development of Ellsworth, Kansas and... for its architectural significance as an example of Victorian eclectic commercial architecture." It was built during prosperity and growth in Ellsworth, after it became the northern end of the Texas cattle trail; the city shipped more than 3,000,000 cattle from 1871 to 1874.</p><br>
<p>It was built by Ellsworth contractor Frank Easterly in 1887-1888 and was modified in 1929, also by Easterly.</p><br>
<p>The Miners Hat, is a novelty building located at 300 East Cameron Ave. in Kellogg, Idaho, that is designed in the shape of a hat, specifically a protective miners helmet. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021. Novelty buildings are architectural structures with unusual  shapes. Examples include the Big Duck on Long Island, in New York State, and the Teapot Dome Service Station in Zillah, Washington.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Miner’s Hat was built in 1940 as a diner and drive-in restaurant located on East Cameron Ave, in Kellogg, Idaho in a mixed residential and commercial area. Local resident Mary Etta Page, and her two daughters had the structure custom-built for business use as a diner to serve locals, miners and travelers. It functioned as both a sit-down diner as well as a drive-in diner.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed as a circular one story wood-frame building with a concrete block basement and a rectangular addition. The foundation is concrete slab. The main circular structural component is 20 feet in diameter with a domed roof, approximately 20 feet tall. A flat eave extends outwards from the lower portion of the domed roof forming a narrow "hat brim". A replica of a miner&#39;s carbide headlamp is constructed in steel and is attached to the main entrance of the building; the light in the headlamp is operational. The rectangular addition is 20x40 feet with a flat roof; there is a two-bay carport incorporated into the addition.</p><br>
<p>The original exterior was covered with wood clapboard siding and had two wood sash windows as well as partially glazed wooden doors. The original interior contained booths for diners that lined the circular walls.</p><br>
<p>In 1967 the building was sold to be used as a commercial office for Miner&#39;s Hat Realty.</p><br>
<p>It was nomitated for listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 2019 and was accepted and listed in 2021.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>The Miner&#39;s Hat is historically significant as a well-preserved example of roadside novelty architecture, "the building retains its association with the adjacent roadway and its auto-centric setting". The workmanship, and overall design of the structure has been retained over the years. Although the structure has lost some of its physical integrity, it has "sufficient integrity to convey its significance as a unique example of programmatic roadside architecture." The NRHP application states that: "The Miner’s Hat is locally significant under Criterion C as a unique example of programmatic, or mimetic, roadside architecture."</p><br>
<h2>Novelty architecture as a form of programmatic architecture</h2><br>
<p>The term "programmatic architecture" was coined by architectural historian David Gebhard to describe a type of building with a sculptural structural form to convey its use or contents. One well-known example in the United States is the 1931 building The Big Duck, in Flanders, New York. The purpose of the building ws to sell ducks and eggs. "The Big Duck became a symbol for programmatic architecture after architects Robert Venturi, Denise Scott-Brown and Steven Izenour used "duck" as a catchall term for buildings whose form expresses its function, as opposed to a "decorated shed" in their 1972 book, Learning from Las Vegas." Some consider novelty architecture and programmatic architecture as a gimmicky, kitsch genre of mid-century American buildings, but its historical roots extend back to the 17th and 18th-century England and Europe.</p><br>
<p>Venus Hill  is a historic site on Estate Mafolie in Charlotte Amalie, USA Virgin Islands, marking the spot where, in 1882, a transit of Venus was observed and recorded. The monument was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1872, a team of astronomers from Brazil began planning an expedition to Saint Thomas to observe the upcoming 1882 transit of Venus, when the planet would pass in front of the Sun. The observatory spot was chosen on a hill on the Estate Mafolie due to its elevation, rising above the city of Charlotte Amalie and allowing an uninterrupted view of the sky. Astronomers that took part in the expedition included Antonio Luis von Hoonholtz, Francisco Calhejros da Graca, and Arthur Indio do Brasil. The results of this expedition were published by the Imperial Observatory of Rio de Janeiro in 1887. During World War I, the hill was used as a gun mount, although no trace of this remains today. Later, an obelisk was constructed to commemorate the site&#39;s scientific significance. It is 13.5 feet tall and built of masonry. The marble tablet that was used as an instrument station during the transit is now used as a plaque, written in Portuguese. For its notability and contribution to the field of astronomy, the site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Kennedy Mansion is a dwelling located at 502 S. Okmulgee Ave. in Okmulgee, Oklahoma. The mansion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Okmulgee County, Oklahoma on December 10, 2014.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mansion is located southwest of the commercial core of Okmulgee, which is itself NRHP-listed as the Okmulgee Downtown Historic District. It was constructed for Asa D. Kennedy and Nellie Kennedy; Asa D. Kennedy was a bank founder and real estate investor. The house was completed in 1904 by builder Henry Clay Kennady (sic). The house is a sub-type of the Colonial Revival style, having a hipped roof with a full-width porch; about one-third of Colonial Revival houses built prior to 1915 were of this sub-type.</p><br>
<p>A two-story clapboard Carriage House, also built around 1904 and located southwest of the main house, is a contributing structure on the property. Also contributing is a one-story shed, built around 1915, which has a set of hinged doors on the side gable elevation and a double hung window in each gable end. A non-contributing structure, a garage built circa 2000, is also on the property. The house is still a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The Okmulgee Public Library located at 218 S. Okmulgee Avenue in Okmulgee, Oklahoma is a functioning public library built in 1921, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 28, 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The library was built on donated land, and the $75,000 cost of construction was financed by a bond issue. Building started in 1917, and was completed in 1921. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 28, 1983. The structure has many Georgian Revival architectural characteristics such as the projecting pavilion with minor pediment, large compound arched windows, Corinthian-like pilasters marking corners and divisions between windows, modillioned cornice, and frieze with multiple moldings. The Library was nominated based on both historical and architectural significance, because: (1) it was the first city library in Oklahoma to be constructed with funds derived from a municipal bond issue and (2) it is the best example of Georgian Revival design in Okmulgee County.</p><br>
<p>The Library is just outside the far southwest corner of the Okmulgee Downtown Historic District, itself NRHP-listed on December 17, 1992. The building continues to function as a public library.</p><br>
<p>The Pine Creek Baptist Church in Pinehurst, Idaho, also known as the Pinehurst Baptist Church, was designed by architects Tourtellotte & Hummel in "nostalgic log cabin revival" style, and was built in 1932. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The church is built with full dove-tail joints at corners of its log walls.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register as part of a study of Tourtellotte and Hummel works.</p><br>
<p>It currently is the home of a nondenominational church, the Pinehurst Community Bible Church.</p><br>
<p>The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Pratt Truss Bridge in Melvern, Kansas was built in 1909. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>It is a Pratt truss bridge built by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. It is a road bridge, bringing Pine St. over railroad tracks.</p><br>
<p>It is a single-span bridge 148 ft long and 22 ft wide, with a timber deck and concrete abutments.</p><br>
<p>In its 2002 National Register nomination it was deemed significant as "an excellent example" of a Pratt truss bridge, which in the past was common in Kansas. But it also "clearly illustrates the uncommon adaptation of a standard railroad truss bridge design for vehicular traffic," and as the road had only light traffic it appeared to have high potential for preservation, as it would not likely require modification or replacement.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was in "fair" condition in 2010.</p><br>
<p>It is located on Southeast Pine St. (also known as 5th St.), 0.1 mi south of its intersection with E. Emporia St. (also known as E. 309th Street) within the city of Melvern, in Osage County, Kansas.</p><br>
<p>The Ouray Historic District, in Ouray, Colorado, is a 114 acre historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. Many of the commercial buildings are Italianate in style; many residences are Victorian.</p><br>
<p>Its 270 contributing buildings include government and commercial buildings:</p><br>
<p>Ouray County Courthouse (1881)</p><br>
<p>Beaumont Hotel (1886)</p><br>
<p>Wright Opera House (1888), with an elaborate Mesker Brothers cast-iron facade</p><br>
<p>Duckett&#39;s Market</p><br>
<p>St. Elmo Hotel (1899)</p><br>
<p>Story Block (1892)</p><br>
<p>Many of the commercial buildings are along Ouray&#39;s Main Street, also known as Third Street, which is USA Highway 550.</p><br>
<p>Residences include:</p><br>
<p>Hurlbutt House (1888)</p><br>
<p>The historic district encompasses almost all of the original townsite. Its boundary is an irregular pattern extending to and including the Ouray hot springs pool on the north, to the west side of Oak Street on the west side of the Uncompahgre River on the west, to the south side of Third Avenue on the south, and to the east side of 6th Street on the east.</p><br>
<p>St. Johns Chapel, Del Monte is a parish of the Diocese of El Camino Real Episcopal Church in Monterey, California, founded in 1891. Intended for guests at the Hotel Del Monte, the property was donated by railroad tycoon Charles Crocker. St. Johns Chapel is an example of an Episcopal church designed by architect Ernest Coxhead, with his shingle style architecture. The Chapel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 21, 2020.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s Chapel, Del Monte is a Late Victorian Shingle Style, traditionally cross-shaped, single</p><br>
<p>story, 2,329 ft&sup2; building with a 110-foot-high steeple and bell tower.</p><br>
<p>The chapel was dedicated on June 14, 1891, by Suffragan bishop the Rt. Rev. William Ford Nichols of the Diocese of California. The Shingle style architecture style chapel has an English cottage look. It was designed by Ernest Coxhead, an English-born architect, who designed and built churches and residences in California. It is an example of Coxhead&#39;s "idiosyncratic, dollhouse-style churches."</p><br>
<p>In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt worshiped at St. Johns Chapel while staying at the Hotel del Monte. In the decades since, several movie stars were married at St. Johns Chapel, including Brian Aherne and Joan Fontaine (1939) and Brooke Shield and Andre Agassi (1997). After the Naval Postgraduate School moved into the former Hotel del Monte, both naval and other military personnel, as well as locals and visitors, have provided new memberships.</p><br>
<p>In 1957, to make room for a newly planned state highway, it was necessary to move the chapel 560 ft to its present location on Mark Thomas Drive in Monterey. When the chapel was moved, an additional twenty feet were added to the west end of the nave and a narthex was added, designed by award-winning Architect, Robert Stanton. A memorial vestibule and front porch, added to the building in 1941, provided an additional 9.6 ft to the granite stairs.</p><br>
<p>The John Black Lee House I is a historic house at 729 Laurel Road in New Canaan, Connecticut. It was designed by architect John Black Lee and built in 1952, and was the first of several houses he designed for his family&#39;s use. The house is an excellent expression of minimalist Bauhaus style Modern architecture, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The John Black Lee House I is located in a rural-residential area in northern New Canaan, on a 3 acre on the east side of Laurel Road just south of its junction with North Wilton Road. The house is set on a high ridge which runs parallel to the roadway. It is a single-story structure, with a unique post-and-beam construction that incorporates metal rods to anchor the structure to the underlying granite. The exterior is finished in glass and wood, and is covered by a flat roof. The west-facing front is largely windowless, with only a recessed entry area. The more private south side is mainly an expanse of floor-to-ceiling glass.</p><br>
<p>John Black Lee moved to New Canaan in 1951, joining the architectural practice of Eliot Noyes, one of the Harvard Five who had been building Modernist houses in New Canaan. Lees first house was built for his family the following year by Ernest Rau, a local building contractor who went on to build many more of Lees designs in the town. He sold this house in 1954, building a second home for the family on Chichester Road. Subsequent owners of the property include Donald Swisher of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, who carefully preserved Lee&#39;s architectural legacy.</p><br>
<p>Outlands in the Eighty Acres, also known as Flanders Mansion is an 8,000-square-foot Tudor Revival house. It is significant as a work of architect Henry Higby Gutterson, and for its innovative construction with light grey interlocking Precast concrete blocks.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Paul and Grace Flanders, married in 1920, came to Carmel in 1922, to build a home and start a business in real estate development. They purchased 80 acres of land from Dr. Daniel T. MacDougal. Flanders designed a two-story home, which they named the Outlands at 25800 Hatton Road, located on a hill overlooking the Carmel Mission, and Point Lobos.</p><br>
<p>The Flander&#39;s were one of the first Carmelites to hire an outside architect, Henry Higby Gutterson, to design and contractor Fred Ruhl to build their residence. The home lies at the end of a driveway off Hatton Road surrounded by upper end of the Mission Trail Nature Preserve. The "Outlands" English cottage design was one of the first use of this style of residential architecture in Carmel By-the-Sea. The construction with light grey interlocking Precast concrete blocks that were advertised as "fireproof, waterproof and practically everlasting."</p><br>
<p>In 1972, Mayor Gunnar Norberg mounted the "Save the Flanders Estate&#39; campaign. As vice-mayor, he persuaded the City of Carmel to purchase the Flanders mansion and adjoining 14.9 acre from the Flanders heirs for $275,000. It has become part of the 34-acre Mission Trail Nature Preserve. The non-profit organization Flanders Foundation was formed in 1998 to oversee the city owned 34 acre the mansion and Mission Trail Nature Preserve.</p><br>
<p>One of the things former mayor Clint Eastwood was elected on in 1986 was tearing the mansion down because it was not making any money for the city after it was purchased by them in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Carmel Art Institute was relocated to the Flanders Mansion, where the Institute continued to operate under John Cunningham.</p><br>
<p>The non-profit organization Flanders Foundation was formed in 1998 to preserve, enhance, and maintain the city owned 34 acre the Flanders Mansion and Mission Trail Nature Preserve.</p><br>
<p>The Barron Library is a historic building located at 582 Rahway Avenue in Woodbridge Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey. Formerly a public library, it is now the Barron Arts Center. The building was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1976. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 11, 1977, for its significance in architecture and education.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>Thomas Barron (1790–1875) funded the construction of the building in his will. It would become the first free public library in Middlesex County. The brownstone building was designed by architect J. Cleaveland Cady in the Richardsonian Romanesque style and features a three-story clock tower. The fireplace in the Reading Room is bordered with blue and white Delft tiles, each depicting a biblical scene. The library was dedicated on September 11, 1877. In 1967, it became part of the Woodbridge Township Library System. In 1977, the building became the arts center for Woodbridge Township.</p><br>
<p>The Gosby House Inn, in Pacific Grove, California, is a two-story Victorian mansion that was built in 1887 by J.F. Gosby. The Inn evolved architecturally in stages, from a vernacular boarding house serving a religious retreat to a Queen Anne hotel catering to vacationers. The Victorian was listed on the National Register of Historic Places of local significance category on December 2, 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Gosby House Inn was built by J. F. Gosby, a native of Nova Scotia and a cobbler by trade. He began building the home in 1886 and took up residence there in 1888. Gosby opened his home to seasonal visitors attending Methodist religious and educational meetings held all summer long in Pacific Grove, California. Gosby enlarged the inn several times. The inn is an example of the Queen Anne style architecture, with a rounded corner Queen Ann-style tower, and bay windows.</p><br>
<p>The inn dates to the days when Pacific Grove was the western headquarters for the Chautauqua Movement. Members of the Methodist Church founded a community that gave way to Victorian cottages in the area between Lighthouse Avenue and the ocean.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s, the inn was called the El Carmelo Hotel by previous owners, to attract attention from Carmel&#39;s tourism. Roger and Sally Post bought the inn in 1978. They restored the inn to its original color and changed the named to the Gosby House Inn. The interior has been decorated with antiques. The exterior, with stained glass windows, bay windows, and gable roofs.</p><br>
<p>The San Jacinto County Courthouse is a historic county courthouse in the San Jacinto county seat of Coldspring, Texas. It was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 2000 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Coldspring was chosen as the county seat in 1870, and the first courthouse was completed the following year. Built out of wood in a late Victorian style, it sat in the heart of the old Coldspring townsite. A jail was added next door in 1887. On March 30, 1915, a fire swept through Coldspring and destroyed several buildings, including the courthouse. However, all documents had been stored in a brick vault behind the building and survived the fire. The downtown district and buildings, as well as most residents, moved south of the original location. San Jacinto County contracted Houston architects Roy E. Lane and Wilkes A. Dowdy for the designs and Price and Williamson for the construction. Construction began in 1916 and finished in 1917. Bricks made from locally sourced clay were chosen as the primary material. The courthouse underwent a renovation in 1936 but largely remains unchanged from its 1917 appearance.</p><br>
<p>In 2000, the courthouse was recognized as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark and received a historic marker. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 1, 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse was heavily influenced by the Classical Revival architectural movement. A wide promenade and staircases lead up to the front entrance, sheltered by a large tetrastyle portico. The pediment is supported by four Doric columns. Above the front entryway hangs a large cross.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse building is surrounded by a large square plaza, with trees and pedestrian walkways. In 1976, a wooden gazebo was added to the northwest corner of the lawn, and a veteran&#39;s memorial was added to the southwest in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Omohundro Water Treatment Plant is a municipal water treatment plant located in Davidson County, Nashville, Tennessee on Omohundro Drive.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1888, the pump station and boiler house were designed by C. K. Colley. Fitted with Holly-Gaskill pumps that transfer 10 million gallons of water per day from the Cumberland River to the City Reservoir on Kirkpatrick&#39;s Hill at Eighth Avenue, South.</p><br>
<p>The steam-powered generators were converted to electricity in 1952. The filtration plant was completed in 1929 after the intake station, stores and pumps. In 1987 it was added to the US National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The plant was threatened during the 2010 Tennessee floods, a devastating flood in Nashville but major damage was avoided with a sandbagging effort.</p><br>
<p>The Roxie Theatre is a historic former movie theater in the Broadway Theater District of Los Angeles, California. The venue opened in 1931 as the last theater to be built on Broadway. Architect John M. Coopers Art Deco design of the Roxie remained the only theater of that style in the downtown neighborhood. In 1978, Metropolitan Theatres converted the space into a Spanish-language filmhouse. Following the Roxies closure in 1989, the lobby was converted into retail space whereas the auditorium was left intact.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site of the Roxie previously hosted Quinns Superba Theatre from 1914 to 1922 and a coffee shop from 1923 to 1931. The prior building was razed and replaced by architect John M. Coopers design, making the Roxie the last theater to be built on Broadway and the only one in the downtown section of the city built in the Art Deco style. Construction began in June 1931 at a cost of. The J. M. Cooper Company served as the general contractor. The Roxie opened on November 25, 1931, with screenings of Honor of the Family and the Laurel and Hardy film Come Clean.</p><br>
<p>On August 4, 1943, 37-year-old Roxie Theatre manager Harry R. Metzger died of a heart attack while operating the box office. On December 24, 1954, a woman committed suicide in the Roxie auditorium during a showtime. Authorities were unable to identify the body but noted that the woman had a Canadian dollar and a receipt from a cafe. On June 27, 1958, Roxie usher Richard A. Studeny held theater manager Robert Brandtjen at gunpoint and fled with $1,200. Studeny turned himself in to police in Florida in December 1958.</p><br>
<p>On January 29, 1978, Metropolitan Theatres converted the Roxie programming to Spanish-language films. The Roxie Theatre permanently closed in the summer of 1989. The auditorium was left intact while the lobby was converted into retail space. In the years since the theater&#39;s closure, the auditorium has fallen into disrepair, including water damage.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Architect John M. Cooper designed the Roxie Theatre in the Art Deco style. The facade prominently features a central stepped gable with a vertical sign tower spelling "Roxie" atop it, as well as chevrons and other geometric forms. A colorful terrazzo design on the ground of the building&#39;s entrance gained particular notoriety.</p><br>
<p>Cooper designed the 1,600-seat auditorium in a long, narrow orientation to optimize amplified sound. Although the Roxie was purpose-built for movies, the theater house features a small stage, rigging, and a proscenium arch for live productions.</p><br>
<p>The Roxie&#39;s grandiose design required over 35 miles of electrical wire for its lighting system, 15,000 lbs of sheet metal, and 120,000 bags of cement. The theater also included a 31-motor ventilation system.</p><br>
<p>Invención de la Santa Cruz  is a historic Catholic parish church located in Bayamón Pueblo, the historic and administrative downtown area of Bayamón, Puerto Rico. The church is located on the Plaza de Hostos, the main town square of Bayamón, at 12 Degetau Street, in front of the former city hall and current Francisco Oller Museum building.</p><br>
<p>The establishment of the current church dates to 1750 when construction of the structure began with plans to move the main Catholic parish of the area from its former location next to Hacienda Santa Cruz to the current location, then known as Alto del Embarcadero, a small hill located close to the Bayamón River. Construction of the church was gradual and lasted for the remaining of the century with important updates being made in 1772 (the current church structure) and 1782. The consecration of the church in 1772 coincides with the official founding of the municipality of Bayamón on May 22, 1772.</p><br>
<p>The church was damaged during the 1867 Virgin Islands earthquake.</p><br>
<p>The church was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places on August 8, 1984, and consequently listed on September 18, 1984. It was added to the Puerto Rico Register of Historic Sites and Zones in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Stratfield Historic District is a historic residential area on the west side of Bridgeport, Connecticut. In the late 19th and early 20th century, it was one of the highest-status and most fashionable neighborhoods in the city. At more than 100 acre in size, it is one of the largest assemblages of high-status residential architecture in the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Stratfield area is located on Bridgeports west side, and is a roughly north–south district centered at the junction of North Avenue (United States Route 1), Clinton Avenue, and Brooklawn Avenue (Connecticut Route 59). It extends eastward in several places, including a complete city block bounded by Clinton, North, Laurel, and Beechwood Avenues. The area is mostly residential, with only six churches as exceptions. The majority of homes were built here between 1880 and 1920, in popular revival styles of the period. Earlier buildings include a Federal period house that was given a Queen Anne makeover in the late 19th century, and two Italianate houses dating to the 1850s, when the area was divided into country estates. The area also has some of the citys oldest surviving early history, in a small park that was once the site of a colonial militia training ground.</p><br>
<p>Bridgeports economy grew rapidly in the second half of the 19th century, and earlier fashionable districts were overtaken by increasing urbanization. The Stratfield area was developed piecemeal by multiple developers, and was desirable for its balance between distance and proximity to the citys expanding urban core to the east.</p><br>
<p>The Stevenson House, is a historic two-story Spanish Colonial style building located at 530 Houston Street in Monterey, California. It was a boarding house called the French Hotel, built circa 1836. The Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson lived there in 1879, writing and courting his future wife. It is now a museum and property of the Monterey State Historic Park. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 7, 1972. The building is also listed as a California historical landmark #352.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original adobe was built circa 1836 by Don Rafael Gonzalez, who was the customs administrator at the Port of Monterey. Some of the walls are of chalk rock, which was laid up in mud mortar. Other walls are of wood frame. The exterior walls are plastered with limestone mortar. The bracketed overhanging roof has wood shingles.</p><br>
<p>From 1856 to 1870s, merchant Juan Girardin operated a general store on the first floor and lived upstairs. Some additions were made and spare bedrooms were rented, when it became the French Hotel.</p><br>
<p>In the autumn of 1879, Scottish novelist Robert Louis Stevenson stayed at the French Hotel. Stevenson lived there while recovering from Ill health as he was crossing the United States to court his future wife Fanny Osbourne. While at the hotel, he dined at a nearby restaurant run by Frenchman Jules Simoneau which was located at what is now the Simoneau Plaza. It was at the hotel that Stevenson wrote The Amateur Emigrant; The Pavilion on the Links; Prince Otto; essays on Henry David Thoreau and the Japanese reformer Yoshida Torajiro; The Old Pacific Capitol; and inspiration for Treasure Island.</p><br>
<p>In 1920s the Monterey Group of painters were meeting at Stevenson&#39;s House Some of them were associated with the Society of Six.</p><br>
<p>In 1937, the hotel was purchased by Edith C. van Antwerp and Mrs. C. Tobin Clark to preserve it as a memorial to Stevenson. They bestowed it to the State of California and it was restored as a home representing the Spanish Colonial period.</p><br>
<p>An outside kiosk provides information about the Stevenson House, Robert Louis Stevenson, and directions to visit the Monterey State Historic Park website for more information.</p><br>
<p>Renner Ball Park is a historic 5 acre baseball field on the outskirts of Renner, South Dakota, United States. It is the home of the Renner Monarchs. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 8, 2006, for its contributions to South Dakotan baseball.</p><br>
<p>The town of Renner has had a long, significant history with baseball. It was built in 1921 to host baseball games that had been held on local farms since 1899. Renner Ball Park is named after the founding family of Renner, who also owned the land the baseball field was built on. Electricity was not installed until 1950, and all prior games had to be played during the daytime. The Renner Monarchs attended the 1939 Amateur World Series national playoffs at Battle Creek, Michigan; Renner lost against Chicago Heights, 6–5. Lasting 17 innings, this was the longest game ever played in the Amateur World Series&#39; history. At the time, Renner was the smallest town to ever qualify for a national playoff. Renner has hosted the South Dakota state baseball championship four times as of 2006. In 1982, the South Dakota Legislature named Renner the "Baseball Capitol of South Dakota".</p><br>
<p>Renner Ball Park is one of the oldest still-standing original baseball fields in the United States. In the 1950s, several renovations were carried out to repair flood damage; the field was elevated and resurfaced, and the dugouts were raised to prevent rainwater accumulation. A 1963 storm destroyed the grandstand&#39;s roof and a new one was installed. The original concession stand was replaced with a new one in 1996. The field is surrounded by a chain-link fence on most sides; a wooden fence surrounds the outfield. A new scoreboard replaced the old one in the outfield in 2021.</p><br>
<p>The Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion is a historic event venue on the south side of USA Highway 16 northeast of Rockerville, South Dakota, near the Sitting Bull Crystal Caverns. Built in 1934, it hosted the Duhamel Sioux Indian Pageant, a Lakota tourist performance created by Black Elk in 1927. The pageant ran every summer until its discontinuation in 1957. A major attraction in the 1930s, its purpose was to not only profit off of tourism to the nearby Black Hills and Mount Rushmore but also—according to Black Elk—to represent Lakota traditions in a respectful, authentic way. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 as a venue of enduring cultural and religious significance, and for its association with Black Elk.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Black Elk, a local Lakota medicine man and community leader, established the Duhamel Sioux Indian Pageant around 1927; this was the first public Native American-created dance pageant in the United States, as those preceding it had been established by non-Native-owned Wild West shows. Black Elk himself had toured internationally with Buffalo Bill in the late 19th century. Black Elk aimed to preserve Lakota culture "and, at the same time, to teach non-Indian tourists that the Lakota were not savages and that their culture was a thing of beauty which deserved respect". Black Elk had a close friendship with the Duhamel family from nearby Rapid City, and in its early years, the pageant was held at the Duhamels general store. Alex Duhamel, the patriarch of the family, had moved to Rapid City in 1879 and traded with the local Lakota, with whom he had formed a good relationship. In 1929, the Duhamels purchased the land on which the Sitting Bull Crystal Caverns are located, just off South Dakota Highway 16; tourists traveling from Rapid City to Mount Rushmore had to drive past it, and the caverns themselves thus became a popular tourist stop. For the same reason, Black Elk deemed the entry road to the caverns as a good location for the pageants theater. Additionally, the caverns themselves and the greater Rockerville Gulch area are sacred and culturally significant to the Lakota.</p><br>
<p>Alex Duhamel and his sons Pete and Bud helped build the pavilion, which was completed in 1934. A model of a traditional Lakota village, called the Sioux Indian Village, was also set up at this time next to the pavilion. Guests could walk through this village and interact with performers from the show; tribe members also sold their own wares here, which were available for purchase.</p><br>
<p>Public performances were held twice daily—once in the morning and again in the evening—during the summer months from 1934 to 1957. Performers stayed at a private campsite on the grounds behind the village and proceeded from there to the pavilion, led by Alex and Peter Duhamel. Peter was also the original translator and emcee for the event. At the end of each performance, a hat was passed around for donations, and those proceeds went directly to the performers.</p><br>
<p>The 1883 Code of Indian Offenses had prohibited Native Americans—particularly the Lakota—from performing most of these rituals and dances, including the Ghost and Sun Dances, and was especially enforced after the Ghost Dance War and subsequent Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890. Thus, when the Sioux Falls Dance Pageant began performing in 1927, its ceremonies were technically illegal under United States law, until the repeal of this ban later in 1934. A 1940s advertisement claimed that the pageant had received "special permission" from the federal government to continue.</p><br>
<p>Traveling shows were also performed in Rapid City and across the Midwest. Once a day during the summer months, a group of dancers would perform outside the Duhamels&#39; downtown mercantile store or at Baken Park in Rapid City; the downtown performances were later canceled due to traffic concerns. Other cities where shows were performed included Omaha, Nebraska; and Cedar Falls, Iowa in 1938. Chief Red Bear joined the group at their Cedar Falls shows; he and Black Elk also spoke about their experience at the Wounded Knee Massacre there.</p><br>
<p>After the outbreak of World War II, the deaths of both Alex and Peter Duhamel in 1941, and Black Elk&#39;s death in 1950, interest in the pageant waned. Bud Duhamel had taken over operations after the deaths of his father and brother. Black Elk had retired some years prior to his death, and it became difficult for the Duhamels to find Lakota who were willing to perform after his departure from the show. The Duhamel Sioux Indian Pageant eventually closed in 1957. Bud Duhamel continued to operate the Sitting Bull Crystal Caverns until 1998; the caverns themselves were open to public tours until 2015.</p><br>
<h3>Reception and impact</h3><br>
<p>The Duhamel Sioux Indian Pageant was well-received by tourists, who often sold out the venue. The opportunity to meet Native Americans enticed white tourists from across the country. The Duhamels&#39; personal business in Rapid City also saw an increase in sales due to the name association. The pageant was so successful and the economic opportunities so promising that many Lakota began performing in new cultural events in communities across the Black Hills—such as Deadwood, Hot Springs, Wind Cave National Park, and Custer State Park―and even began selling entry to their campsites.</p><br>
<p>The pageant and associated tourism provided a good source of income for the dancers during the Great Depression, which had heavily damaged the Black Hills&#39; economy and left local families struggling, including many Lakota. Employment opportunities were already limited for Native Americans, who had not been allowed to leave their reservations without special permission until the 1920s. Most buildings there lacked water and electricity, and food was scarce. Land on the reservations was usually of poor quality for farming. The pageants, parades, and other tourist attractions in the Black Hills created a respite from poverty.</p><br>
<p>Anywhere from 25 to 50 Lakota participated in each performance and the greater Sitting Bull Crystal Caverns property; bands with a confirmed presence included the Sicangu, Oglala, and Hunkpapa. Performers often brought their families to live with them at the campsite during the summer, and these family members would often work in other roles at the pavilion or the caverns. Primary accounts from employees themselves say that the Lakota performers were respected and never mistreated. Additionally, the sale of their own homemade goods and crafts in the mock village area generated additional income for the performers and their families. The pageant provided an outlet for the Lakota to perform the ceremonies that had been suppressed for decades by the United States government. Lakota could also now afford to visit, and live at, sites that were culturally and spiritually important, such as the Sitting Bull Crystal Caverns, the nearby Wind Caves, and the Black Hills themselves.</p><br>
<p>However, offensive language and stereotypes were often used to promote the show as an exotic spectacle. Although Black Elk had authored the show, he could not control the language used for its publicity. One newspaper advertisement from 1940 read, "The soft beat of the tom-tom mingled with the savage war cry of the last savage will make your blood tingle."</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The pavilion is an octagonal theatre in the round, constructed out of white vertical wooden boards and on a poured concrete foundation. All eight sides have large swinging double doors that provide multiple entry points. The low-grade conical roof is supported by a central hexagonal column and tie beams that run the length of the ceiling. An octagonal cupola sits atop the roof; both are topped with asphalt shingles. The inside features five large murals depicting local places of interest created by Sicangu artist Godfrey Broken Rope. The inside has remained unchanged since 1957, when the audience bleachers were removed. The tipi structure that was used for ticket sales was demolished in the early 1990s.</p><br>
<p>A 60 feet sculpture, crafted from three wooden arches, sits just south of the pavilion. The arches were put up, and visible into the 1980s, but the memorial park itself was never completed. The structure, known as "The Arches", was moved to its present-day location during the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The Rossonian Hotel is a historic building and former business located at 2650 Welton Street in the Five Points section of Denver, Colorado, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places since in 1995, for ethnic heritage and social history. It has also been known as the Baxter Building and as the Baxter Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Rossonian Hotel is a historic building which opened in 1912 as the Baxter Hotel. Some sources state that Ross owned the Rossonian starting in either 1928 or 1929, and others state he owned it in the mid-1930s. Ross had owned the Denver White Elephants, a semi-professional baseball team. The hotel ownership and management changed many times during the period 1929 to 1945.</p><br>
<p>The building has been empty since 1998. Chauncy Billups was a partner in one redevelopment proposal. It has had various owners and redevelopment plans have been launched but as of 2021 none had been successfully completed.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed by architect George Louis Bettcher (1862–1952), for cigar businessman Robert Y. Baxter. Bettcher was born in Jersey City, New Jersey and moved to Denver in 1895 where he remained until his death. Bettcher also designed residences in the Denver Country Club area and the Turnverein Building.</p><br>
<p>The building was built in 1907, and was opened in 1912. The Rossonian&#39;s main entrance is on Welton Street.</p><br>
<p>The Old Burying Ground is the oldest documented cemetery in Watertown, Massachusetts, United States. Located at the junction of Arlington and Mount Auburn Streets in eastern Watertown, its oldest documented grave site dates to 1665, and it remained in active use into the 20th century. It was the town&#39;s first formal cemetery, and remained its only one until 1754, when the Common Street Cemetery was established. The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2022.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Watertown&#39;s Old Burying Ground occupies 1.24 acre of relatively flat terrain at the southeast corner of Arlington and Mount Auburn Streets. It is a roughly trapezoidal parcel, with fieldstone walls on the street-facing edges, surmounted by metal picket fencing. The cemetery is grassy, with a scattering of trees in the interior and near the perimeters. There is no formal circulation pattern within the walls; foot access is via a gate on Arlington Street. There are estimated to be more than 300 burials.</p><br>
<p>When Watertown was founded by English colonists in 1630, its first town center was located near Gerry&#39;s Landing on the Charles River. This town center included a small burying ground, which does not appear to have survived. The town center eventually migrated to the junction of Arlington and Mount Auburn Streets, with the meeting house north of Mount Auburn Street and the burying ground to the south. About 1750 the town center moved again, to its present location at Watertown Square, at which time the Common Street Cemetery was established. The Old Burying Ground continued in active use into the 20th century. Prominent markers include a memorial to Joseph Coolidge, a militia soldier who died in the 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord who was an ancestor of President Calvin Coolidge.</p><br>
<p>The Common Street Cemetery is the second oldest documented cemetery in Watertown, Massachusetts. Located at the junction of Common and Mount Auburn Streets in central Watertown, it was founded in 1754. It is the site of Watertown&#39;s second meeting house, where major planning and resistance activities took place in the early days of the American Revolutionary War. The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2022.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Watertown&#39;s Common Street Cemetery occupies 2.8 acre of relatively flat terrain at the northwest corner of Common and Mount Auburn Streets, just northeast of Watertown Square. It is a roughly triangular parcel, its rear property lines abutting the Watertown High School and a residential area. A paved road provides circulation access within the cemetery, in which graves are lined up in neat rows separated by grass. There are estimated to be more than 500 burials.</p><br>
<p>When Watertown was founded by English colonists in 1630, its first town center was located near Gerrys Landing on the Charles River. This town center included a small burying ground, which does not appear to have survived. The town center eventually migrated to the junction of Arlington and Mount Auburn Streets, with the meeting house north of Mount Auburn Street and what is now the Old Burying Ground to the south. About 1750 the town center moved again, to its present location at Watertown Square, at which time the Common Street Cemetery was established. The cemetery was originally smaller, and part of a larger town-owned area used as common pasturage and the site of the towns second meeting house. During the American Revolutionary War, the meeting house was the site of significant planning and strategy meetings during the Siege of Boston. The site of meeting house was eventually added to the cemetery, as was part of the pastureland.</p><br>
<p>The Reynolds–Scherman House is a historic house located at 71 Hardscrable Road in the borough of Bernardsville in Somerset County, New Jersey. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 29, 1989, for its significance in architecture, industry, and literature.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The two and one-half story stone building was possibly built in the 18th century. During the American Revolutionary War, it may have been used as a storehouse for the nearby New Jersey Brigade encampment in the winter of 1779–80. Samuel Reynolds, local land owner and businessman, converted it into his home after purchasing the property in 1832. The conversion featured "eye-brow" windows. In 1928, it became the country residence of Harry Scherman, a co-founder of the Book of the Month Club, who remodeled it using Colonial Revival style.</p><br>
